Utils
Matrices
Some matrix basic operations
- beyond.utils.matrix.expand(m, rate=None)
Transform a 3x3 rotation matrix into a 6x6 rotation matrix
- Parameters
m (numpy.ndarray) – 3x3 matrix transforming a position vector from frame1 to frame2
rate (numpy.array) – 1D 3 elements vector rate of frame2 expressed in frame1
- Returns
6x6 rotation matrix
- Return type
numpy.ndarray
Example:
>>> m = np.array([[0, -1, 0], [-1, 0, 0], [0, 0, 1]]) >>> print(expand(m)) [[ 0. -1. 0. 0. 0. 0.] [-1. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.] [ 0. 0. 1. 0. 0. 0.] [ 0. 0. 0. 0. -1. 0.] [ 0. 0. 0. -1. 0. 0.] [ 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 1.]] >>> print(expand(m, rate=[1,2,3])) [[ 0. -1. 0. 0. 0. 0.] [-1. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.] [ 0. 0. 1. 0. 0. 0.] [-3. 0. -2. 0. -1. 0.] [ 0. 3. 1. -1. 0. 0.] [ 1. -2. 0. 0. 0. 1.]]
- beyond.utils.matrix.rot1(theta)
- Parameters
theta (float) – Angle in radians
- Returns
Rotation matrix of angle theta around the X-axis
- beyond.utils.matrix.rot2(theta)
- Parameters
theta (float) – Angle in radians
- Returns
Rotation matrix of angle theta around the Y-axis
- beyond.utils.matrix.rot3(theta)
- Parameters
theta (float) – Angle in radians
- Returns
Rotation matrix of angle theta around the Z-axis
Interpolations
- class beyond.utils.interp.Interp(xs, ys, method, order=None)
Linear or Lagrangian interpolation
The constructed object is callable
Example
f = Interp(xs, ys, "lagrange", 8) y1 = f(x1) # interpolated value at x1
- __call__(x)
Compute interpolation at x
- Parameters
x (float) – value to interpolate to
- Return type
numpy.array
- __init__(xs, ys, method, order=None)
- Parameters
xs (numpy.array) – 1-D array of real values. Shall be monotonically increasing.
ys (numpy.array) – 1-D or 2-D array of real values
method (str) – Selection of the interpolation method Either ‘linear’ or ‘lagrange’.
order (int) – Order of the interpolation. Has no effect on a linear interpolation.
- class beyond.utils.interp.DatedInterp(dates, ys, method, order=None)
Bases:
Interp
Interpolation for time series
- __call__(date)
Compute interpolation at a given date
- Parameters
date (Date) – Date to interpolate to
- Return type
numpy.array
- __init__(dates, ys, method, order=None)
- Parameters
dates (list of Date) – 1-D array of dates. Shall be monotonically increasing.
ys (numpy.array) – N-D array of real values
method (str) – Selection of the interpolation method Either ‘linear’ or ‘lagrange’.
order (int) – Order of the interpolation. Has no effect on a linear interpolation.
Node
This module helps to find the shortest path between two element in a hierarchy or in a graph.
- class beyond.utils.node.Node(name)
Bases:
object
Class representing a node in a graph, relations may be circular.
A = Node('A') B = Node('B') C = Node('C') D = Node('D') E = Node('E') F = Node('F') A + B + C + D + E + F + A F + C # A # / \ # B F # | / | # C E # \ / # D A.path('E') # [A, F, E] A.steps('E') # [(A, F), (F, E)] E.path('B') # [E, F, A, B] or [E, D, C, B]
- name
Name of the node
- neighbors
List of all direct neighbors in the graph. OrderedDict is only used as OrderedSet, so only the keys of the dict matter
- path(goal)
Get the shortest way between two nodes of the graph
- Parameters
goal (str) – Name of the targeted node
- Returns
list of Node
- routes
Route mapping. What direction to follow in order to reach a particular target
- steps(goal)
Get the list of individual relations leading to the targeted node
- Parameters
goal (str) – Name of the targeted node
- Returns
list of tuple of Node
Beta
The beta angle is the angle between the plane of the orbit and the direction of a distant body (see wikipedia).
If the distant body is the Sun, it will be useful to characterize the spacecraft illumination during its orbit. If the distant body is another spacecraft, it will be useful to compute the visibility between the two spacecrafts.
- beyond.utils.beta.beta(orb, ref='Sun')
Compute beta angle
- beyond.utils.beta.beta_limit(orb)
Compute minimal beta angle for a constant visibility on another body.
Below this threshold the spacecraft will experience eclipses during a portion of its orbit. Above, it will be fully illuminated during all its orbit.
- Parameters
orb (Orbit) – Orbit of the primary spacecraft, expressed in a reference frame whose centre is the obscuring body.
- Returns
Angle in radians
- Return type
float
LTAN
Utilities to compute the Local Time at Ascending Node (LTAN)
Both True and Mean LTAN are available, the difference between them being the equation of time
- beyond.utils.ltan.ltan2raan(date, ltan, type='mean')
Conversion to Longitude
- Parameters
date (Date) – Date of the conversion
ltan (float) – LTAN in seconds
type (str) – either “mean” or “true”
- Returns
RAAN in radians in EME2000
- Return type
float
Constellation
Utilities to compute the parameters of a constellation.
At the moment, only the Walker Star and Walker Delta are available (see wikipedia)
- class beyond.utils.constellation.WalkerDelta(total, planes, spacing, raan0=0)
Bases:
WalkerStar
Definition of the Walkek Delta constellation
Example: Galileo is a Walker Delta 24/3/1 constellation so to generate this, one has to call
WalkerDelta(24, 3, 1)
- nu(i_plane, i_sat)
- Parameters
i_plane (int) – index of the plane
i_sat (int) – index of the satellite
- Returns
True anomaly in radians
- Return type
float
- raan(i_plane)
- Parameters
i_plane (int) – index of the plane
- Returns
Right Ascension of Ascending Node in radians
- Return type
float
- class beyond.utils.constellation.WalkerStar(total, planes, spacing, raan0=0)
Bases:
object
Definition of the WalkerStar constellation
Example: Iridium is a Walker Star 66/6/2 constellation so to generate this, one has to call
WalkerStar(66, 6, 2)
- __init__(total, planes, spacing, raan0=0)
- Parameters
total (int) – Total number of satellites
planes (int) – Number of planes
spacing (int) – relative spacing between satellites of adjacent planes
raan0 (float) – RAAN of the first plane (in radians)
This call order is compliant with Walker notation total/planes/spacing.
- nu(i_plane, i_sat)
- Parameters
i_plane (int) – index of the plane
i_sat (int) – index of the satellite
- Returns
True anomaly in radians
- Return type
float
- property per_plane
Number of satellites per orbital plane
- raan(i_plane)
- Parameters
i_plane (int) – index of the plane
- Returns
Right Ascension of Ascending Node in radians
- Return type
float
LEO
Utilities for Low Earth Orbit design
- beyond.utils.leo.frozen(a, i)
Compute the e and ω for a frozen orbit
- Parameters
a (float) – Semi major axis in meters
i (float) – Inclination in radians
- Returns
eccentricity (e) and argument of perigee (ω, in radians)
- Return type
Tuple[float, float]
- beyond.utils.leo.sso(*, a=None, e=None, i=None)
Compute keplerian elements for a Sun-Synchronous Orbit
Given two elements among a, e and i, compute the remaining one.
Example
e = sso(a=a, i=i) i = sso(a=a, e=e) a = sso(e=e, i=i)
- Parameters
a (float) – Semi major axis, in meters
e (float) – Eccentricity
i (float) – Inclination in radians
- beyond.utils.leo.sso_frozen(a)
Iterate to find a SSO frozen orbit
- Parameters
a (float) – Semi major axis in meters
- Returns
eccentricity (e), inclination (i, in radians) and argument of perigee (ω, in radians)
- Return type
Tuple[float, float, float]
Lambert’s problem
Lambert’s problem solvers
- beyond.utils.lambert.lambert(orb0, orb1, prograde=True)
Solve Lamber’s problem, with the solution provided by Howard D. Curtis in chapter 5.3 of his book, “Orbital Mechanics for Engineering Students” (ed. 2014)
- Parameters
- Return
Tuple : Initial and Target
Orbits
patched with solution’s velocities
The initial orbit reference frame is the one used for the computation. So if one desires to compute an interplanetary opportunity, orb0 should be expressed in the “Sun” or “SolarSystemBarycenter” reference frame.
Warning
This is only compatible with elliptical orbits
Interplanetary
Module to compute planetary captures and flybys
- class beyond.utils.interplanetary.BPlane(B, theta, S, T, R, e, h)
B-plane characteristics
- Parameters
B – 3d B vector
theta – angle
S – vector collinear to v_infinity
T – vector along the ecliptic
R – S x T
e – 3d eccentricity vector
h – angular momentum vector
- beyond.utils.interplanetary.bplane(orb)
Compute the B vector details
- beyond.utils.interplanetary.flyby(v_inf_in, v_inf_out, μ)
Compute B vector characteristics for a flyby
- Parameters
v_inf_in (numpy.array, shape 3) – arrival excess velocity
v_inf_out (numpy.array, shape 3) – exit excess velocity
µ (float) – standard gravitational parameter of the body flown-by
- Returns
tuple with length 2, the first element being the B vector (a numpy array), the second being the periapsis radius
- Return type
tuple
Relative Motion Helper
- class beyond.utils.cwhelper.CWHelper(propagator)
This class provides computation helpers for relative motion positioning and maneuvers, to be used with the
ClohessyWiltshire
propagatorSee the Docking script in the documentation for an example of utilisation.
- coelliptic(date, radial, tangential)
Create an Orbit instance at a given radial and tangential distance with the guarantee that it’s coelliptic
- coelliptic_velocity(radial)
- Parameters
radial (float) – radial distance between the target and the chaser
- Returns
Necessary tangential velocity for a coelliptic orbit
- Return type
float
- eccentric_boost(tangential, date, continuous=False)
Perform an eccentric boost to move tangentially, when the radial distance is zero.
- Parameters
tangential (float) – Tangential distance to cover
date (Date) – Begining of the eccentric boost
continuous (bool) –
- Returns
List[Man]
- hohmann(radial, date, continuous=False)
Perform a Hohmann transfer
- Parameters
radial (float) – Radial distance to cover
date (Date) – Begining of the Hohmann transfer
continuous (bool) –
- Returns
List[Man]
- hohmann_distance(radial, continuous=False)
Compute the tangential distance traveled during a hohmann transfer This is interesting to anticipate and place the arrival at a desired position.
- Parameters
radial (float) – radial distance from the target to the chaser
continuous (bool) – The Hohmann transfer will be done with a ContinuousMan object
- Returns
tangential distance
- Return type
float
- property period
Period of the target orbit